Transformations in Lewis Lapham's Hotel America Lapham, Lewis. Hotel America. New York: Verso Press, 1996.

At the beginning of his text, Hotel America, commentator and essayist Lewis Lapham speculates that the nationally articulated transformational challenge or project of American democracy to change the class hierarchy of Europe many have ended. "Although I know that Jefferson once said that it is never permissible 'to despair of the commonwealth,' I think it is possible that the American experiment with democracy may have run its course ... I keep running across people who speak fondly about what they imagine to be the comforts of autocracy, who long for the assurances of the proverbial man on the white horse likely to do something hard and puritanical about the moral relativism that has made a mess of the cities, the schools and primetime television." (10) In other words, in Lapham's eyes, America has experienced a transformation in its imputation of responsibility from grass roots to government. Americans, contrary to the spirit of much of their previous ideological history, now believe that change must come from above, not from the populace.

When Lapham wrote the essays complied in Hotel America during the Regan and Bush administrations, "between 1978 and 1987 American families belonging to the poorest 20% of the population became 8% poorer; during the same period of time American families within the...

The disparity between rich and poor was most glaringly apparent at the extreme points of measurement." (47) America's economic makeup and balance had changed, but few articulated their despair at this shift in consciousness, because the media and the populace had grown so complacent. "Of all the federal money distributed as transfer payments to individual Americans during the decade of the 1980s only a relatively small percentage found its way into the hands of the poor. The bulk of the donative sustained the pretensions of the mostly affluent and well to do. Without the help of the government, the self-reliant American middle class was as helpless as a child without its nurse," particularly, the author prophetically writes, in regards to favorable tax legislation for the wealthier middle class, and favorable social security and bankruptcy legislation for the lower middle classes. (73)
Why was this the case? The author suggests that despite the anti-government rhetoric of these conservative Republicans who demonized the innovations of social programs and personal activism the 1960s and early 1970s, there was a loss of political empowerment as the most powerful Americans became increasingly self-satisfied with their lots in life and positions, while poorer Americans became disenfranchised and depressed with their apparent disappearance from the American agenda of change and…